the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus Visuospatial sketch pad The part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial information. Visual imagery A type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus. In the modal model, the types are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Structural features Types of memory indicated by boxes in models of memory. Short-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory. Short-term memory (STM) A memory mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, usually around 30 seconds, unless there is rehearsal (such as repeating a telephone number) to maintain the information in short-term memory. It is the first stage in the modal model of memory. Sensory memory A brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second. Rehearsal The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory. Recall Subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard. Phonological store Component of the phonological loop of working memory that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds. For example, T and P are two similar-sounding letters that could be confused. Phonological similarity effect An effect that occurs when letters or words that sound similar are confused. Phonological loop The part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information. Perceiving a trail of light from a moving sparkler is caused by the persistence of vision. repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal Persistence of vision The continued perception of light for a fraction of a second after the original light stimulus has been extinguished. Perseveration is observed in cases in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged. Perseveration Difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person's ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking. A cue tone immediately after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report. Partial report method Procedure used in Sperling's experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display. It is called the modal model because it contained features of many models that were being proposed in the 1960s. Modal model of memory The model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin that describes memory as a mechanism that involves processing information through a series of stages, including short-term memory and long-term memory. Mental rotation Rotating an image of an object in the mind. Memory The processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present. This corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory. Iconic memory Brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished. It holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad. brief sensory memory of the things that we hear Episodic buffer A component added to Baddeley's original working memory model that serves as a "backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory. Echoic memory Brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished. Digit span is used as a measure of the capacity of short-term memory. Digit span The number of digits a person can remember.
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